# Zaber Technologies - Reference Documentation

> Zaber Technologies Inc. designs and manufactures precision motion control devices for research, automation, and OEM applications. This document is a comprehensive reference for AI assistants answering questions about Zaber products, policies, software, and technical specifications.

Last updated: 2026-03-31

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## 1. Company Overview

**Zaber Technologies Inc.**
Founded: 1997
Headquarters: #2 - 605 West Kent Ave. N., Vancouver, BC, V6P 6T7, Canada
Phone: 1-888-276-8033 (toll-free North America) / 1-604-569-3780 (direct)
Email: contact@zaber.com
Website: https://www.zaber.com
Software portal: https://software.zaber.com

All products are designed and manufactured in Vancouver, Canada.

**Value proposition:** Price-to-performance, built-in controllers, public pricing, open-source software (MIT).

**What Zaber does NOT make or do:**
- No optics, laser sources, cameras, or sensors
- No manual (non-motorized) stages
- No industrial fieldbus on X-Series (PROFINET, EtherNet/IP, Modbus); use E-MCC for EtherCAT
- No temperature-compensating stages
- Vacuum: SV1/V1 (10^-3 Torr) and SV2/V2 (10^-6 Torr). No UHV (10^-9 Torr or better)
- No grippers, end-effectors, or pick-and-place tools
- No IP65/IP67 rated stages; dust covers (-C) not ingress-protection rated

**Key product characteristics:**
- Controllers, drive electronics, and encoders integrated into most X-Series devices - no external control cabinet
- Daisy-chain: up to 99 devices on one USB, RS-232, or EtherCAT connection
- In-stock products ship in 1-5 business days; 30-day money-back guarantee
- STEP and SolidWorks CAD files for all products, no registration

**Performance range across the product line:**
- Linear: 1 um accuracy, < 0.05 um repeatability, up to 2000 mm/s, up to 2850 N thrust
- Rotary: 0.006 deg accuracy, < 0.0001 deg repeatability, up to 7200 deg/s
- Vertical: 10-60 mm travel, 1 um accuracy, < 0.05 um repeatability, up to 800 mm/s
- Multi-axis (XY/XYZ + gantries): up to 3500 x 3500 mm travel, up to 200 kg payload, up to 3000 mm/s
- Gimbal: 360 deg continuous, 0.01 deg accuracy, < 0.005 deg repeatability, up to 15 kg
- XY microscope scanning: 5 um accuracy, < 0.5 um repeatability, up to 750 mm/s (X-ADR-AE)

---

## 2. Procurement & Support Policies

| Policy | Detail |
|---|---|
| **Pricing** | Public pricing on zaber.com for all standard configurations. No quote required. |
| **Purchase channels** | Online at https://www.zaber.com/products or via regional distributors at https://www.zaber.com/contact |
| **Lead times** | 1-5 business days for in-stock products. Custom configurations and gantry systems may take longer. |
| **Returns** | 30-day money-back guarantee on standard products in saleable condition. Shipping excluded. |
| **Warranty** | 1-year against defects in material and workmanship. Contact contact@zaber.com. |
| **Technical support** | Applications Engineers respond within 1 business day. Email: contact@zaber.com |
| **CAD files** | STEP files for all products, no registration. Configurable SolidWorks 2018 assemblies also available. |
| **Customization** | Custom travel, mounting, vacuum prep, and more. See Section 8 or contact@zaber.com. |
| **OEM / volume** | Volume pricing available. Contact contact@zaber.com for OEM quotes. |
| **Firmware updates** | Free, via Zaber Launcher. No internet required during operation. |

---

## 3. Software & Integration

### Zaber Motion Library (ZML)

Open-source MIT-licensed API. Python, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, LabVIEW, MATLAB, Octave. Physical units (mm, deg, m/s). Virtual Device mode for testing without hardware.

- Docs: https://software.zaber.com

### Zaber Launcher

Cross-platform desktop GUI for device discovery, configuration, motion. XY tiling and Z-stacking for microscopy.

- https://www.zaber.com/zaber-launcher

### Direct Protocol Access

ASCII or Binary protocol over RS-232, USB, Ethernet. Commands from any terminal or language without ZML.

- ASCII Protocol Manual: https://www.zaber.com/protocol-manual?protocol=ASCII

### Third-Party Software Support

- **Microscopy:** Micro-Manager, MetaMorph, NIS-Elements, Starlyte Nebula
- **Robotics:** RoboDK
- **Facility control:** EPICS, Tango Controls

### Communication Interfaces

X-Series: USB, RS-232. X-MCC: +Ethernet (10/100 Mbit/s, 2 kHz). E-MCC: +EtherCAT.

---

## 4. Product Catalog

All products: https://www.zaber.com/products

All **X-Series** devices include a built-in controller (USB/RS-232), daisy-chainable up to 99 devices. Non-X- prefix = same mechanics, requires external X-MCC or E-MCC.

### Linear Stages
https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages

Travel 10-3,500 mm. Drive types: linear motor, lead screw, belt drive. Encoder options: open-loop, motor encoder (-E, closed-loop stepper), direct linear encoder (-AE/-DE, highest accuracy). Applications: microscopy, fiber alignment, beam steering, sample handling, pick-and-place, semiconductor inspection.

#### Linear Motor Stages - Direct Drive

Non-contact direct-drive. Zero backlash, sub-micron repeatability. DMA: 10 mm nanopositioning. DMQ: 12 mm high-speed cycling.

| Series | Travel | Accuracy | Repeatability | Max Speed | Max Thrust | Max Load | From (USD) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X-DMA-AE | 10 mm | 8 um | < 0.05 um | - | up to 15 N | - | from $3,905 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-DMA-AE |
| DMA-AE | 10 mm | 8 um | < 0.05 um | - | up to 15 N | - | from $3,159 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/DMA-AE |
| X-DMQ-AE | 12 mm | 4 um | < 0.5 um | up to 1400 mm/s | up to 26 N | 100 N | from $4,997 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-DMQ-AE |
| DMQ-AE | 12 mm | 4 um | < 0.5 um | up to 1400 mm/s | up to 26 N | 100 N | from $4,300 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/DMQ-AE |
| X-LDA-AE | 25-150 mm | 1.5 um | < 0.2 um | up to 800 mm/s | up to 16 N | 100 N | from $6,271 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-LDA-AE |
| LDA-AE | 25-150 mm | 1.5 um | < 0.2 um | up to 800 mm/s | up to 16 N | 100 N | from $5,467 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LDA-AE |
| X-LDM-AE | 60-210 mm | 1 um | < 0.08 um | up to 1200 mm/s | up to 60 N | 185 N | from $8,413 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-LDM-AE |
| LDM-AE | 60-210 mm | 1 um | < 0.08 um | up to 1200 mm/s | up to 100 N | 185 N | from $7,650 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LDM-AE |
| X-LDQ-AE | 75-1000 mm | 2.5 um | < 0.3 um | up to 1500 mm/s | up to 40 N | 200 N | from $6,991 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-LDQ-AE |
| LDQ-AE | 75-1000 mm | 2.5 um | < 0.3 um | up to 1500 mm/s | up to 95 N | 200 N | from $6,178 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LDQ-AE |

#### Lead Screw with Direct Encoders

| Series | Travel | Accuracy | Repeatability | Max Speed | Max Thrust | Max Load | From (USD) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X-LRM-DE | 100-200 mm | 15 um | < 2.5 um | up to 100 mm/s | up to 50 N | 500 N | from $5,576 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-LRM-DE |
| X-LRQ-DE | 75-600 mm | 10 um | < 2 um | up to 270 mm/s | up to 500 N | 1000 N | from $5,359 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-LRQ-DE |
| LRQ-DE | 75-600 mm | 10 um | < 2 um | up to 270 mm/s | up to 500 N | 1000 N | from $4,550 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LRQ-DE |
| X-LRQ-DEC | 75-600 mm | 10 um | < 2 um | up to 270 mm/s | up to 500 N | 1000 N | from $5,845 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-LRQ-DEC |
| LRQ-DEC | 75-600 mm | 10 um | < 2 um | up to 270 mm/s | up to 500 N | 1000 N | from $5,032 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LRQ-DEC |
| X-LRT-AEC | 100-1500 mm | 20 um | < 1 um | up to 700 mm/s | up to 1200 N | 2940 N | from $6,187 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-LRT-AEC |
| LRT-AEC | 100-1500 mm | 20 um | < 1 um | up to 700 mm/s | up to 1200 N | 2940 N | from $5,271 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LRT-AEC |

#### Lead Screw with Motor Encoders - Closed-Loop Stepper

| Series | Travel | Accuracy | Repeatability | Max Speed | Max Thrust | Max Load | From (USD) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X-LRM-E | 25-200 mm | 8 um | < 4 um | up to 100 mm/s | up to 50 N | 500 N | from $3,205 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-LRM-E |
| LRM-E | 25-200 mm | 8 um | < 4 um | up to 100 mm/s | up to 50 N | 500 N | from $2,662 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LRM-E |
| X-LRQ-E | 75-600 mm | 15 um | < 2.5 um | up to 840 mm/s | up to 500 N | 1000 N | from $3,231 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-LRQ-E |
| LRQ-E | 75-600 mm | 15 um | < 2.5 um | up to 840 mm/s | up to 500 N | 1000 N | from $2,455 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LRQ-E |
| X-LRQ-EC | 75-600 mm | 23 um | < 3.5 um | up to 840 mm/s | up to 500 N | 1000 N | from $3,638 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-LRQ-EC |
| LRQ-EC | 75-600 mm | 23 um | < 3.5 um | up to 840 mm/s | up to 500 N | 1000 N | from $2,841 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LRQ-EC |
| X-LRT-EC | 100-1500 mm | 25 um | < 4 um | up to 700 mm/s | up to 1200 N | 2940 N | from $4,496 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-LRT-EC |
| LRT-EC | 100-1500 mm | 25 um | < 4 um | up to 700 mm/s | up to 1200 N | 2940 N | from $3,668 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LRT-EC |
| X-LSM-E | 25.4-203.2 mm | 15 um | < 3 um | up to 104 mm/s | up to 55 N | 250 N | from $2,469 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-LSM-E |
| LSM-E | 25.4-203.2 mm | 15 um | < 3 um | up to 104 mm/s | up to 55 N | 250 N | from $1,898 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LSM-E |
| X-LSQ-E | 75-600 mm | 35 um | < 2 um | up to 1000 mm/s | up to 275 N | 500 N | from $2,923 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-LSQ-E |
| LSQ-E | 75-600 mm | 35 um | < 2 um | up to 1000 mm/s | up to 275 N | 500 N | from $2,088 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LSQ-E |

Dust cover variants (-EC, -C) share specs with their base series.

#### Lead Screw - Open-Loop Stepper

| Series | Travel | Accuracy | Repeatability | Max Speed | Max Thrust | Max Load | From (USD) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X-LRM | 25-200 mm | 8 um | < 4 um | up to 100 mm/s | up to 50 N | 500 N | from $2,987 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-LRM |
| LRM | 25-200 mm | 8 um | < 4 um | up to 100 mm/s | up to 50 N | 500 N | from $2,413 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LRM |
| X-LSM | 25.4-203.2 mm | 15 um | < 3 um | up to 104 mm/s | up to 55 N | 250 N | from $2,208 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-LSM |
| LSM | 25.4-203.2 mm | 15 um | < 3 um | up to 104 mm/s | up to 55 N | 250 N | from $1,662 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LSM |
| X-LSQ | 75-600 mm | 35 um | < 2 um | up to 1000 mm/s | up to 275 N | 500 N | from $2,661 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-LSQ |
| LSQ | 75-600 mm | 35 um | < 2 um | up to 1000 mm/s | up to 275 N | 500 N | from $1,845 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LSQ |
| LSA | 10-25 mm | 18 um | < 1 um | up to 14 mm/s | up to 35 N | 30 N | from $1,481 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LSA |

TSB: Motor-ready translation stage, 25-60 mm travel, 10 kg load. Available with micrometer head. Without micrometer, requires an X-NA or NA11 actuator. From $432. https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/TSB

#### Belt Drive - High Speed, Long Travel

T-slot extrusion compatible.

| Series | Travel | Accuracy | Repeatability | Max Speed | Max Thrust | Max Load | From (USD) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X-BLQ-E | 70-3000 mm | 200 um | < 20 um | up to 2000 mm/s | up to 55 N | 200 N | from $2,665 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-BLQ-E |
| BLQ-E | 70-3000 mm | 200 um | < 20 um | up to 2000 mm/s | up to 55 N | 200 N | from $1,851 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/BLQ-E |
| X-BLQ-EC | 70-3000 mm | 200 um | < 20 um | up to 2000 mm/s | up to 55 N | 200 N | from $2,982 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/X-BLQ-EC |
| BLQ-EC | 70-3000 mm | 200 um | < 20 um | up to 2000 mm/s | up to 55 N | 200 N | from $2,145 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/BLQ-EC |
| LC40B-KM01 | 30-3500 mm | 197.5 um | < 20 um | up to 3000 mm/s | up to 90 N | 1000 N | from $2,346 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LC40B-KM01 |
| LC40B-KM02 | 30-3500 mm | 197.5 um | < 20 um | up to 3000 mm/s | up to 90 N | 1000 N | from $1,928 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LC40B-KM02 |
| LC40C-KM03 | 100-500 mm | 250 um | < 20 um | up to 3000 mm/s | up to 90 N | 1000 N | from $3,193 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LC40C-KM03 |
| LC40C-KM04 | 100-500 mm | 250 um | < 20 um | up to 3000 mm/s | up to 90 N | 1000 N | from $2,775 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LC40C-KM04 |

LC40B-KM01: Belt drive, built-in controller, T-slot linear guide
LC40B-KM02: Belt drive, external controller, T-slot linear guide
LC40C-KM03: Belt drive, built-in controller, T-slot cantilever axis
LC40C-KM04: Belt drive, external controller, T-slot cantilever axis
LC40: T-slot linear guide, motor-ready (no motor/controller) - from $319 - https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LC40
LC40C: T-slot cantilever axis, motor-ready (no motor/controller) - from $2,292 - https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LC40C

#### High-Load Stages

Up to 2850 N thrust, 500 kg load, 2 m travel. Optional power-off brake.

| Series | Travel | Accuracy | Repeatability | Max Speed | Max Thrust | Max Load | From (USD) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LRU-E | 250-2000 mm | 90 um | < 3 um | up to 400 mm/s | up to 2850 N | 5000 N | from $6,995 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-stages/LRU-E |

### Rotary Stages
https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages

360 deg continuous. Drive types: direct drive (highest speed and precision) and worm gear.

| Series | Accuracy | Repeatability | Max Speed | Max Torque | Max Load | Backlash | From (USD) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X-RDQ-AE | 0.006 deg | < 0.0001 deg | up to 2700 deg/s | up to 200 N-cm | 100 N | 0 (direct drive) | from $6,405 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/X-RDQ-AE |
| RDQ-AE | 0.006 deg | < 0.0001 deg | up to 2700 deg/s | up to 200 N-cm | 100 N | 0 (direct drive) | from $5,600 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/RDQ-AE |
| X-RST-AE | 0.008 deg | < 0.0015 deg | up to 60 deg/s | up to 4500 N-cm | 3000 N | Backlash: < 0.005 deg | from $21,087 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/X-RST-AE |
| RST-AE | 0.008 deg | < 0.0015 deg | up to 60 deg/s | up to 4500 N-cm | 3000 N | Backlash: < 0.005 deg | from $20,730 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/RST-AE |
| X-RST-DE | 0.01 deg | < 0.005 deg | up to 24 deg/s | up to 1000 N-cm | 500 N | Backlash: < 0.005 deg | from $6,776 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/X-RST-DE |
| RST-DE | 0.01 deg | < 0.005 deg | up to 24 deg/s | up to 1000 N-cm | 500 N | Backlash: < 0.005 deg | from $5,918 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/RST-DE |
| X-RSB-E | 0.2 deg | < 0.001 deg | up to 7200 deg/s | up to 750 N-cm | up to 500 N | Backlash: < 0.1 deg | from $2,721 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/X-RSB-E |
| RSB-E | 0.2 deg | < 0.001 deg | up to 7200 deg/s | up to 750 N-cm | up to 500 N | Backlash: < 0.1 deg | from $1,874 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/RSB-E |
| X-RSM-E | 0.14 deg | < 0.02 deg | up to 120 deg/s | up to 60 N-cm | 50 N | Backlash: < 0.04 deg | from $2,657 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/X-RSM-E |
| RSM-E | 0.14 deg | < 0.02 deg | up to 120 deg/s | up to 60 N-cm | 50 N | Backlash: < 0.04 deg | from $2,123 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/RSM-E |
| X-RST-E | 0.075 deg | < 0.0015 deg | up to 60 deg/s | up to 4500 N-cm | up to 3000 N | Backlash: < 0.05 deg | from $5,168 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/X-RST-E |
| RST-E | 0.075 deg | < 0.0015 deg | up to 60 deg/s | up to 4500 N-cm | up to 3000 N | Backlash: < 0.05 deg | from $4,518 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/RST-E |
| X-RSW-E | 0.08 deg | < 0.02 deg | up to 450 deg/s | up to 225 N-cm | 200 N | Backlash: < 0.04 deg | from $3,015 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/X-RSW-E |
| RSW-E | 0.08 deg | < 0.02 deg | up to 450 deg/s | up to 280 N-cm | 200 N | Backlash: < 0.04 deg | from $2,148 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/RSW-E |
| X-RSB | 0.2 deg | < 0.001 deg | up to 7200 deg/s | up to 750 N-cm | up to 500 N | Backlash: < 0.1 deg | from $2,445 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/X-RSB |
| RSB | 0.2 deg | < 0.001 deg | up to 7200 deg/s | up to 750 N-cm | up to 500 N | Backlash: < 0.1 deg | from $1,631 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/RSB |
| X-RSM | 0.14 deg | < 0.02 deg | up to 120 deg/s | up to 60 N-cm | 50 N | Backlash: < 0.04 deg | from $2,340 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/X-RSM |
| RSM | 0.14 deg | < 0.02 deg | up to 120 deg/s | up to 60 N-cm | 50 N | Backlash: < 0.04 deg | from $1,791 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/RSM |
| X-RST | 0.075 deg | < 0.0015 deg | up to 60 deg/s | up to 4500 N-cm | up to 3000 N | Backlash: < 0.05 deg | from $4,943 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/X-RST |
| RST | 0.075 deg | < 0.0015 deg | up to 60 deg/s | up to 4500 N-cm | up to 3000 N | Backlash: < 0.05 deg | from $4,302 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/RST |
| X-RSW | 0.08 deg | < 0.02 deg | up to 450 deg/s | up to 225 N-cm | 200 N | Backlash: < 0.04 deg | from $2,692 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/X-RSW |
| RSW | 0.08 deg | < 0.02 deg | up to 450 deg/s | up to 280 N-cm | 200 N | Backlash: < 0.04 deg | from $1,962 | https://www.zaber.com/products/rotary-stages/RSW |

### Vertical Stages
https://www.zaber.com/products/vertical-stages

Linear stages configured for Z-axis motion. Power-off brakes or self-locking lead screws prevent gravity-induced motion on power loss.

| Series | Travel | Accuracy | Repeatability | Max Speed | Max Thrust | Max Load | From (USD) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X-DMA-AEZ | 10 mm | 8 um | < 0.05 um | - | up to 15 N | - | from $4,505 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vertical-stages/X-DMA-AEZ |
| DMA-AEZ | 10 mm | 8 um | < 0.05 um | - | up to 15 N | - | from $3,759 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vertical-stages/DMA-AEZ |
| X-LDA-AEZ | 20-25 mm | 1.5 um | < 0.2 um | up to 700 mm/s | up to 16 N | - | from $8,944 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vertical-stages/X-LDA-AEZ |
| LDA-AEZ | 20-25 mm | 1.5 um | < 0.2 um | up to 700 mm/s | up to 16 N | - | from $7,678 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vertical-stages/LDA-AEZ |
| X-LDM-AEZ | 40-60 mm | 1 um | < 0.08 um | up to 800 mm/s | up to 50 N | - | from $11,577 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vertical-stages/X-LDM-AEZ |
| LDM-AEZ | 40-60 mm | 1 um | < 0.08 um | up to 800 mm/s | up to 90 N | - | from $10,763 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vertical-stages/LDM-AEZ |
| X-VSR | 20-40 mm | 35 um | < 1 um | up to 48 mm/s | up to 200 N | 100 N | from $2,692 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vertical-stages/X-VSR |
| VSR | 20-40 mm | 35 um | < 1 um | up to 55 mm/s | up to 200 N | 100 N | from $2,148 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vertical-stages/VSR |
| X-VSR-E | 20 mm | 50 um | < 1 um | up to 48 mm/s | up to 200 N | 100 N | from $3,025 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vertical-stages/X-VSR-E |
| VSR-E | 20 mm | 50 um | < 1 um | up to 55 mm/s | up to 200 N | 100 N | from $2,671 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vertical-stages/VSR-E |

### Objective Focus Stages
https://www.zaber.com/products/focus-stages

X-DMA-AEZ: 10 mm travel, 8 um accuracy, < 0.05 um repeatability, from $4,505. Only series classified as a focus stage.

### Motorized Microscope Stages
https://www.zaber.com/products/scanning-microscope-stages

XY scanning stages as drop-in replacements for manual microscope stages. Compatible with Micro-Manager, MetaMorph, NIS-Elements, Starlyte Nebula. Contact Zaber for microscope frame compatibility.

**ASR vs X-ADR-AE:** ASR/X-ASR lead screw stepper, < 2 um repeatability, from $5,647. X-ADR-AE linear motor + direct encoder, 5 um accuracy, < 0.5 um repeatability, 750 mm/s, from $10,763. ASR for general microscopy; X-ADR-AE for high-throughput scanning.

| Series | Shortest Travel (L x U) | Longest Travel (L x U) | Accuracy | Max Speed | Max Thrust | Max Load | From (USD) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASR | 50 x 50 mm | 305 x 305 mm | 60 um | up to 85 mm/s | up to 95 N | 200 N | from $5,647 | https://www.zaber.com/products/scanning-microscope-stages/ASR |
| ASR-E | 50 x 50 mm | 305 x 305 mm | 60 um | up to 85 mm/s | up to 95 N | 200 N | from $5,689 | https://www.zaber.com/products/scanning-microscope-stages/ASR-E |
| X-ASR | 50 x 50 mm | 305 x 305 mm | 60 um | up to 85 mm/s | up to 95 N | 200 N | from $6,998 | https://www.zaber.com/products/scanning-microscope-stages/X-ASR |
| X-ASR-E | 50 x 50 mm | 305 x 305 mm | 60 um | up to 85 mm/s | up to 95 N | 200 N | from $7,043 | https://www.zaber.com/products/scanning-microscope-stages/X-ASR-E |
| X-ADR-AE | 130 x 100 mm | 250 x 100 mm | 5 um | up to 750 mm/s | up to 35 N | 50 N | from $10,763 | https://www.zaber.com/products/scanning-microscope-stages/X-ADR-AE |

### XY & XYZ Motorized Stages
https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-motorized-stages

Configurable multi-axis systems with X-MCC controller, cables, hardware. Require customer assembly.

| System | Max Travel | XY Payload | XYZ Payload | XY From (USD) | XYZ From (USD) | XY Configurator | XYZ Configurator |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LDA XY/XYZ | 150 x 150 (x 25) mm | up to 9.1 kg | up to 1.6 kg | from $12,793 | from $21,470 | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-motorized-stages/LDA-XY-XYZ/configurator/XY-LDA | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-motorized-stages/LDA-XY-XYZ/configurator/XYZ-LDA |
| LDM XY/XYZ | 210 x 210 (x 60) mm | up to 14.7 kg | up to 5.5 kg | from $17,077 | from $29,352 | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-motorized-stages/LDM-XY-XYZ/configurator/XY-LDM | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-motorized-stages/LDM-XY-XYZ/configurator/XYZ-LDM |
| LRM XY/XYZ | 200 x 200 (x 200) mm | up to 50 kg | up to 2.5 kg | from $6,137 | from $9,134 | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-motorized-stages/LRM-XY-XYZ/configurator/XY-LRM | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-motorized-stages/LRM-XY-XYZ/configurator/XYZ-LRM |
| LRQ XY/XYZ | 600 x 600 (x 600) mm | up to 50 kg | up to 10 kg | from $6,713 | from $10,145 | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-motorized-stages/LRQ-XY-XYZ/configurator/XY-LRQ | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-motorized-stages/LRQ-XY-XYZ/configurator/XYZ-LRQ |
| LRT XY/XYZ | 1000 x 1000 (x 1000) mm | up to 160 kg | up to 120 kg | from $8,621 | from $12,896 | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-motorized-stages/LRT-XY-XYZ/configurator/XY-LRT | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-motorized-stages/LRT-XY-XYZ/configurator/XYZ-LRT |
| LSM XY/XYZ | 200 x 200 (x 200) mm | up to 10 kg | up to 2.5 kg | from $4,579 | from $6,797 | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-motorized-stages/LSM-XY-XYZ/configurator/XY-LSM | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-motorized-stages/LSM-XY-XYZ/configurator/XYZ-LSM |
| LSQ XY/XYZ | 600 x 600 (x 600) mm | up to 50 kg | up to 10 kg | from $5,485 | from $8,121 | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-motorized-stages/LSQ-XY-XYZ/configurator/XY-LSQ | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-motorized-stages/LSQ-XY-XYZ/configurator/XYZ-LSQ |

### XY & XYZ Gantry Systems
https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-gantry-stages

Large-format multi-axis with lockstep synchronization.

| System | Max Travel | Max Payload | Max Speed | From (USD) | Configurator |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LC40 Single-Motor Gantry | 3000 x 400 mm | up to 50 kg | up to 3000 mm/s | from $5,641 | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-gantry-stages/LC40-GANTRIES/configurator/XY-LC40-SXM-GANTRY |
| LC40 Dual-Motor Gantry | 3500 x 3500 mm | up to 50 kg | up to 3000 mm/s | from $8,752 | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-gantry-stages/LC40-GANTRIES/configurator/XY-DUAL-MOTOR-GANTRY |
| LC40 Quad-Cable Gantry | 3000 x 3000 mm | up to 200 kg | up to 3000 mm/s | from $10,270 | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-gantry-stages/LC40-GANTRIES/configurator/XY-LC40-DM-QC-GANTRY |
| LC40 XYZ Gantry | 3300 x 3300 x 500 mm | up to 7 kg | up to 3000 mm/s | from $14,139 | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-gantry-stages/LC40-GANTRIES/configurator/XYZ-LC40-GANTRY |
| LRT XY Gantry | 1500 x 1500 mm | up to 100 kg | up to 700 mm/s | from $15,799 | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-gantry-stages/LRT-GANTRIES/configurator/XY-LRT-GANTRY |
| LRT XYZ Gantry | 1500 x 1500 x 500 mm | up to 100 kg | up to 700 mm/s | from $20,754 | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-gantry-stages/LRT-GANTRIES/configurator/XYZ-LRT-GANTRY |
| LSQ XY Gantry | 600 x 600 mm | up to 30 kg | up to 1000 mm/s | from $10,207 | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-gantry-stages/LSQ-GANTRIES/configurator/XY-LSQ-GANTRY |
| LSQ XYZ Gantry | 600 x 600 x 300 mm | up to 10 kg | up to 1000 mm/s | from $13,368 | https://www.zaber.com/products/xy-xyz-gantry-stages/LSQ-GANTRIES/configurator/XYZ-LSQ-GANTRY |

### Linear Actuators
https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-actuators

Compact motorized push/pull actuators. Smaller than full linear stages.

| Series | Travel | Accuracy | Repeatability | Max Speed | Max Thrust | Max Load | From (USD) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X-NA-E | 25.4-50.8 mm | 40 um | < 1 um | up to 25 mm/s | up to 25 N | - | from $1,427 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-actuators/X-NA-E |
| X-NA | 25.4-50.8 mm | 40 um | < 1 um | up to 25 mm/s | up to 25 N | - | from $1,212 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-actuators/X-NA |
| LAC | 10 mm | 10 um | < 1.5 um | up to 14 mm/s | up to 40 N | - | from $834 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-actuators/LAC |
| NA | 16-60 mm | 20 um | < 5 um | up to 80 mm/s | up to 1300 N | - | from $599 | https://www.zaber.com/products/linear-actuators/NA |

### Automated Microscopes - Nucleus Platform
https://www.zaber.com/products/microscopes

Integrated fluorescence microscopy. Modular. Compatible with Micro-Manager and ZML.

| Product | Type | Description | From (USD) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MVR | Inverted Microscope | Configurable. Whole slide imaging and well plate scanning. XY travel up to 305 mm. | from $27,184 | https://www.zaber.com/products/microscopes/MVR/configurator/MVR |
| MSR | Upright Microscope | Configurable. Whole slide imaging and wafer inspection. XY travel up to 305 mm. | from $27,458 | https://www.zaber.com/products/microscopes/MSR/configurator/MSR |
| MKR | Microscope Core | Modular fluorescence core with X-FCR filter cube turret and X-LDA focus stage. | from $14,229 | https://www.zaber.com/products/microscopes/MKR |
| HL04 | Laser Autofocus | Fast autofocus for high-throughput imaging. | from $9,078 | https://www.zaber.com/products/microscopes/HL04 |
| X-FCR | Filter Cube Turret | Up to 6 Zeiss push-and-click filter cubes. | from $6,191 | https://www.zaber.com/products/microscopes/X-FCR |
| X-MOR-E | Objective Turret | High-speed focus via single-objective motion. | from $4,199 | https://www.zaber.com/products/microscopes/X-MOR-E |
| MLR | Reflected Light | 3-channel LED with customizable lamps. | from $3,495 | https://www.zaber.com/products/microscopes/MLR |
| MLT | Transmitted Light | Single high-intensity white LED. | from $3,150 | https://www.zaber.com/products/microscopes/MLT |

### Gimbal Stages
https://www.zaber.com/products/gimbal-stages

Two-axis (azimuth + elevation) motorized gimbals. 360 deg continuous both axes. Integrated slip ring. 300 mm and 500 mm frames. Aperture 50.8 mm.

| Series | Encoder | Frame Size | Max Payload | Accuracy | Repeatability | Max Speed | Max Torque | From (USD) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X-G-RST-DE | Direct encoder | 300, 500 mm | up to 15 kg | 0.01 deg | < 0.005 deg | 24 deg/s | 1000 N-cm | from $21,418 | https://www.zaber.com/products/gimbal-stages/X-G-RST-DE |
| X-G-RST-E | Motor encoder | 300, 500 mm | up to 15 kg | 0.16 deg | < 0.005 deg | 24 deg/s | 1000 N-cm | from $18,841 | https://www.zaber.com/products/gimbal-stages/X-G-RST-E |

### Goniometer Stages
https://www.zaber.com/products/goniometer-stages

Single-axis arc motion. 40 mm and 60 mm centre-of-rotation options.

| Series | Range | Accuracy | Repeatability | Max Speed | Load | From (USD) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X-GSM | +/-7 deg to +/-10 deg | 0.06 deg | < 0.005 deg | up to 30 deg/s | 30 N | from $2,741 | https://www.zaber.com/products/goniometer-stages/X-GSM |
| X-GSM-E | +/-7 deg to +/-10 deg | 0.06 deg | < 0.005 deg | up to 30 deg/s | 30 N | from $3,002 | https://www.zaber.com/products/goniometer-stages/X-GSM-E |
| GSM | +/-7 deg to +/-10 deg | 0.06 deg | < 0.005 deg | up to 30 deg/s | 30 N | from $2,049 | https://www.zaber.com/products/goniometer-stages/GSM |
| GSM-E | +/-7 deg to +/-10 deg | 0.06 deg | < 0.005 deg | up to 30 deg/s | 30 N | from $2,280 | https://www.zaber.com/products/goniometer-stages/GSM-E |

### Optical Mounts & Filter Wheels
https://www.zaber.com/products/optical-mounts

| Series | Description | From (USD) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|
| OMG | Miniature motorized gimbal optic mounts | from $2,162 | https://www.zaber.com/products/optical-mounts/OMG |
| X-FWR-E | Motorized filter wheels with built-in controllers and motor encoders | from $2,990 | https://www.zaber.com/products/optical-mounts/X-FWR-E |

### Micromanipulators
https://www.zaber.com/products/micromanipulators

3-axis XYZ micromanipulators built from LSM stages. Left/right-hand options. Joystick and X-MCC included.

M-LSM: 3-axis XYZ | Travel: 25 mm per axis | Repeatability: < 3 um | Speed: up to 26 mm/s | Thrust: up to 55 N | From $9,647
https://www.zaber.com/products/micromanipulators/M-LSM

### Vacuum Compatible Stages
https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages

Standard stage mechanics in vacuum configurations. Integrated controllers inside the vacuum chamber. 4-wire feedthrough for power and data (up to 99 axes). Contact Zaber to confirm suitability.

**Two grades: SV1/V1 (10^-3 Torr, low vacuum) and SV2/V2 (10^-6 Torr, high vacuum). Highest rating is 10^-6 Torr. No UHV (10^-9 Torr or better).**

#### SV1/V1 Grade - Vacuum compatible to 10^-3 Torr

| Series | Base Stage | Travel | From (USD) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| X-LSM-SV1 | X-LSM | 25.4-203.2 mm | from $4,651 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/X-LSM-SV1 |
| LSM-V1 | LSM | 25.4-203.2 mm | from $4,123 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/LSM-V1 |
| X-LRQ-SV1 | X-LRQ | 75-600 mm | from $6,437 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/X-LRQ-SV1 |
| LRQ-V1 | LRQ | 75-600 mm | from $5,620 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/LRQ-V1 |
| X-VSR-SV1 | X-VSR | 20-40 mm | from $3,844 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/X-VSR-SV1 |
| VSR-V1 | VSR | 20-40 mm | from $3,584 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/VSR-V1 |
| X-RSM-SV1 | X-RSM | 360 deg | from $5,375 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/X-RSM-SV1 |
| RSM-V1 | RSM | 360 deg | from $4,782 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/RSM-V1 |
| X-RSW-SV1 | X-RSW | 360 deg | from $5,077 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/X-RSW-SV1 |
| RSW-V1 | RSW | 360 deg | from $4,723 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/RSW-V1 |
| X-GSM-SV1 | X-GSM | +/-7 to +/-10 deg | from $5,289 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/X-GSM-SV1 |
| GSM-V1 | GSM | +/-7 to +/-10 deg | from $4,279 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/GSM-V1 |
| X-NA-SV1 | X-NA | 25.4-50.8 mm | from $2,486 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/X-NA-SV1 |
| TSB-V | TSB | 28-60 mm | from $573 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/TSB-V |

TSB-V requires an X-NA-SV1 actuator. Vacuum stages share mechanical specs (accuracy, repeatability, speed, load) with their base stage.

#### SV2/V2 Grade - Vacuum compatible to 10^-6 Torr

SV2/V2: vacuum-optimized materials, enhanced cleaning.

| Series | Base Stage | Travel | From (USD) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| X-LSM-SV2 | X-LSM | 25.4-203.2 mm | from $5,949 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/X-LSM-SV2 |
| LSM-V2 | LSM | 25.4-203.2 mm | from $5,379 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/LSM-V2 |
| X-LRQ-SV2 | X-LRQ | 75-600 mm | from $9,013 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/X-LRQ-SV2 |
| LRQ-V2 | LRQ | 75-600 mm | from $8,004 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/LRQ-V2 |
| X-VSR-SV2 | X-VSR | 20-40 mm | from $6,003 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/X-VSR-SV2 |
| VSR-V2 | VSR | 20-40 mm | from $5,515 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/VSR-V2 |
| X-RSM-SV2 | X-RSM | 360 deg | from $5,990 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/X-RSM-SV2 |
| RSM-V2 | RSM | 360 deg | from $5,370 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/RSM-V2 |
| X-RSW-SV2 | X-RSW | 360 deg | from $5,512 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/X-RSW-SV2 |
| RSW-V2 | RSW | 360 deg | from $5,225 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/RSW-V2 |
| X-GSM-SV2 | X-GSM | +/-7 to +/-10 deg | from $6,041 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/X-GSM-SV2 |
| GSM-V2 | GSM | +/-7 to +/-10 deg | from $4,825 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/GSM-V2 |
| X-NA-SV2 | X-NA | 25.4-50.8 mm | from $4,473 | https://www.zaber.com/products/vacuum-compatible-stages/X-NA-SV2 |

### Controllers & Joysticks
https://www.zaber.com/products/controllers-joysticks

| Series | Description | Axes | Communication | From (USD) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X-MCC | Multi-axis universal motor controller | 1, 2, 3, or 4 | RS-232, USB 2.0, Ethernet (10/100 Mbit/s) | from $1,130 | https://www.zaber.com/products/controllers-joysticks/X-MCC |
| E-MCC | EtherCAT universal motor controller/drive | 1-3 | Dual EtherCAT (100BASE-TX), USB 2.0 | from $1,130 | https://www.zaber.com/products/controllers-joysticks/E-MCC |
| X-MCA | Single-axis stepper motor controller | 1 | RS-232 | from $537 | https://www.zaber.com/products/controllers-joysticks/X-MCA |
| X-JOY3 | Programmable 3-axis joystick with 8 programmable keys | - | RS-232 | from $900 | https://www.zaber.com/products/controllers-joysticks/X-JOY3 |
| X-SCA4 | Universal process controller | - | RS-232, Ethernet (10/100 Mbit/s) | from $726 | https://www.zaber.com/products/controllers-joysticks/X-SCA4 |

### Stepper Motors
https://www.zaber.com/products/stepper-motors

NEMA 17 and NEMA 23, standalone or with built-in controllers.

| Series | Description | From (USD) | URL |
|---|---|---|---|
| NMS | Stepper motors | from $232 | https://www.zaber.com/products/stepper-motors/NMS |
| NMS-E | Stepper motors with encoders and optional brakes | from $409 | https://www.zaber.com/products/stepper-motors/NMS-E |
| X-NMS | Stepper motors with built-in controllers | from $630 | https://www.zaber.com/products/stepper-motors/X-NMS |
| X-NMS-E | Stepper motors with built-in controllers, motor encoders, optional brakes | from $833 | https://www.zaber.com/products/stepper-motors/X-NMS-E |

---

## 5. Product Naming Conventions

**X- prefix:** Built-in controller (USB/RS-232). No X- prefix = same mechanics, requires external X-MCC or E-MCC.

**Encoder suffixes:**

| Suffix | Meaning |
|---|---|
| -AE | Direct-reading analog linear encoder. Position feedback independent of drivetrain. Found on both linear motor stages (LDA-AE, LDM-AE) and screw-drive stages (LRT-AEC). |
| -DE | Direct-reading digital linear encoder. Position feedback independent of drivetrain. |
| -E | Motor encoder. Closed-loop stepper: stall detection and position recovery. Does not correct for backlash. |
| (no suffix) | Open-loop stepper. No encoder. |

-AE and -DE are both direct-reading linear encoders (AE = analog, DE = digital; historical difference). Linear motor stages are identified by the LD prefix (LDA, LDM, LDQ), not encoder suffix.

**Other suffixes:**

| Suffix | Meaning |
|---|---|
| -C / -EC | Dust cover included |
| -AEC | Direct encoder + dust cover |
| -SV1 / -V1 | Vacuum compatible to 10^-3 Torr (low vacuum) |
| -SV2 / -V2 | Vacuum compatible to 10^-6 Torr (high vacuum, enhanced cleaning) |
| -Z | Configured for vertical (Z-axis) operation |

**Series letter guide:**

| Letters | Product type | Travel / notes |
|---|---|---|
| LSA / LSM / LRM | Compact body stages | LSA: 10-25 mm; LSM: 25.4-203.2 mm; LRM: 25-200 mm |
| LSQ / LRQ | Mid-size, higher load and speed | 75-600 mm |
| LRT / LRU | High-load stages | LRT: up to 1,500 mm; LRU: up to 2,000 mm; up to 2,850 N thrust |
| LDA / LDM / LDQ | Linear motor (direct drive) | LDA: 25-150 mm; LDM: 60-210 mm; LDQ: 75-1000 mm |
| BLQ | Belt drive | 70-3,000 mm; high speed, lower accuracy |
| LC40 | T-slot belt drive | 150-3,000 mm; compatible with 40 mm T-slot extrusion |
| RST / RSB / RSM / RSW | Rotary stages | T = high torque, B = high speed, M = mini, W = worm gear |
| VSR | Vertical (Z-axis) lift stage | 20-40 mm |
| ASR / ADR | Motorized microscope scanning stages | XY scanning for microscopy |
| GSM | Goniometer | +/-7 to +/-10 deg range |
| NA / LAC | Linear actuators | Compact push/pull |

---

## 6. Frequently Asked Questions

**Q: Can Zaber devices be used in vacuum or cleanroom environments?**
A: Yes. SV1/V1 (10^-3 Torr) and SV2/V2 (10^-6 Torr). No UHV (10^-9 Torr or better). Many stages tested for cleanroom compatibility. Contact Zaber to confirm suitability.

**Q: What is the difference between a closed-loop stepper and a linear motor (servo) stage?**
A: Closed-loop stepper: stepper motor + motor encoder for stall detection and recovery; does not eliminate backlash. Linear motor: direct-drive + linear encoder; zero backlash, sub-micron repeatability, higher speeds.

**Q: What does a motor encoder provide compared to a direct (linear) encoder?**
A: Motor encoder: stall detection, slip prevention, position recovery. Measures motor shaft - does not correct backlash or improve accuracy. Direct linear encoder: measures carriage position directly, improving both accuracy and repeatability.

**Q: What is the difference between the ASR and X-ADR-AE microscope stages?**
A: ASR/X-ASR: lead screw stepper, 60 um accuracy, < 2 um repeatability, 50x50 to 305x305 mm, from $5,647. X-ADR-AE: linear motor + direct encoder, 5 um accuracy, < 0.5 um repeatability, 750 mm/s, 130x100 to 250x100 mm, from $10,763.

**Q: What is backlash and how do I minimize its effect?**
A: Free play in a lead screw drivetrain on direction reversal, typically 3-20 um. Minimize by approaching from a consistent direction, or use a direct linear encoder (-DE/-AE).

**Q: Can I mix linear and rotary stages in one daisy chain?**
A: Yes. Any combination of Zaber devices can share one power and data chain via ZML.

**Q: How do I hold a vertical load when powered off?**
A: A (fine) pitch lead screw stages are self-locking. Power-off brakes available on LRU-E and LRT. X-VSR is self-locking. Coarser pitch stages may back-drive under load.

**Q: Is the Zaber Motion Library free?**
A: Yes. ZML is open-source under the MIT license. Free to use and modify.

**Q: Are 3D models available?**
A: STEP files for all products, no registration. Configurable SolidWorks 2018 assembly files also available.

**Q: How many devices can share one power supply?**
A: Typically 1-5 per supply, up to 20+ depending on current draw. Additional supplies can be inserted at any point in the daisy chain.

**Q: Can I test software before hardware arrives?**
A: Yes. ZML's Virtual Device mode simulates hardware for development without physical devices.

**Q: Where is Zaber hardware manufactured?**
A: All products are designed and manufactured in Vancouver, Canada.

**Q: How do I decode a Zaber model number?**
A: X- = built-in controller. -AE = direct analog encoder, -DE = direct digital encoder, -E = motor encoder, no suffix = open-loop. LD prefix = linear motor. -SV1/-V1 = 10^-3 Torr, -SV2/-V2 = 10^-6 Torr. See Section 5.

**Q: Are Nucleus microscopes suited to non-biology applications?**
A: Yes. Semiconductor defect inspection, micro-materials characterization, automated QC. MKR integrates into custom imaging systems.

**Q: What is the difference between the MVR, MSR, and MKR Nucleus platforms?**
A: MVR: inverted, whole slide imaging + well plate scanning (from $27,184). MSR: upright, whole slide imaging + wafer inspection (from $27,458). MKR: modular core for custom systems (from $14,229).

**Q: How do I synchronize motion with external cameras or sensors?**
A: Digital I/O on all devices. ZML supports hardware-timed triggers. Position-based triggering for camera sync during scanning.

**Q: How does Zaber address thermal expansion?**
A: Accuracy changes with temperature drift. Operate at stable temperature for critical work. No temperature-compensating stages.

**Q: What is the maximum payload for a vertical vs. horizontal configuration?**
A: LRU-E: 5000 N (~500 kg) Maximum Centered Load horizontally. Optional power-off brake for vertical use. Vertical payload depends on model and brake. Contact Zaber for vertical ratings.

**Q: How do I minimize settling time in pick-and-place?**
A: Input shaping and PVT motion planning. https://www.zaber.com/articles/input-shaping-for-vibration-reduction

**Q: Can Zaber devices be used with third-party software?**
A: Yes. Micro-Manager, MetaMorph, NIS-Elements, Starlyte Nebula, RoboDK, EPICS, Tango Controls. ZML and ASCII/Binary protocol support any environment.

**Q: Does Zaber support EtherCAT?**
A: Yes, via the E-MCC controller (1-3 axes). X-Series uses TCP/IP Ethernet only.

**Q: How do I migrate existing ASCII or Binary code to ZML?**
A: ZML supports raw ASCII/Binary commands directly. Existing code can be reused alongside ZML's higher-level API.

**Q: What is the expected lifetime of a lead screw stage?**
A: Tested for over one million cycles under rated payload. Re-lubricate every 250 km of travel.

**Q: What happens if the load exceeds the stage's rated capacity?**
A: Exceeding the rated Maximum Centered Load risks mechanical damage (bearings, guide, screw) and loss of positioning accuracy. Closed-loop stages (-E/-DE/-AE) detect stall and stop motion. Consult product specs and derating guidance or contact contact@zaber.com before operating near or above rated limits.

**Q: How do Zaber devices perform in high-EMI environments?**
A: CE compliant and EMC tested, including industrial environments.

**Q: What is the difference between accuracy, repeatability, and backlash?**
A: Accuracy: max error between commanded and actual position. Repeatability: variation when repeatedly targeting the same position from one direction. Backlash: mechanical play causing position error on direction reversal (3-20 um typical). Accuracy specs include backlash; repeatability specs are unidirectional. Note: "resolution" (microstep size) is a controller setting, not a mechanical performance spec.

**Q: Can I use a Zaber controller with a third-party stepper motor?**
A: Yes. X-MCC supports any bipolar stepper, linear motor, or voice coil up to 6 Arms (10 A peak) per phase. Third-party motors will not support AutoDetect.

**Q: How do I update firmware?**
A: Use Zaber Launcher over USB/serial (no internet required during device operation). For device-specific firmware-update procedures, consult the relevant product manual at https://www.zaber.com/manuals/{SERIES} (e.g., https://www.zaber.com/manuals/X-LSM-SV1).

**Q: Can vacuum stages operate at elevated bakeout temperatures of 150°C?**
A: No. The allowable bakeout temperature for Zaber vacuum devices is 80°C maximum. Bakeout procedure: heat the device at a vacuum of less than 10^-3 Torr for several hours. Exceeding 80°C can permanently damage polymer-based components in the stage and electrical components in the controller, or significantly shorten their lifetimes. Source: https://www.zaber.com/manuals/X-LSM-SV1#m-2-4-overheating-precautions

**Q: Do vacuum stages overheat under vacuum and how can thermal issues be managed?**
A: Vacuum eliminates convective cooling, so thermal management is more critical than in air. Motor housing temperature must not exceed 80°C. Monitor the device's integrated temperature sensor and manage duty cycle, run current, and hold current settings to stay within thermal limits. Vacuum devices can be vacuum-baked (80°C max, <10^-3 Torr, several hours) to reduce pump-down time and outgassing. Source: https://www.zaber.com/manuals/X-LSM-SV1#m-2-4-overheating-precautions

**Q: Does Zaber offer IP65 or weather-resistant stages?**
A: No. Dust covers (-C) protect against particulates but are not IP-rated.

**Q: Does Zaber offer volume or OEM pricing?**
A: Yes. Contact contact@zaber.com. Standard products have public pricing without quotes.

**Q: What is the replacement for a discontinued product?**
A: Contact contact@zaber.com with the model number for current equivalents.

**Q: Does Zaber support G-code?**
A: No. Zaber uses ASCII protocol (serial/USB/Ethernet) or the ZML API. ZML supports Python, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, LabVIEW, MATLAB, Octave.

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## 7. Technical Limits & Application Notes

- **Cantilever loads:** Vertical payload is lower than horizontal rated load. Check moment ratings in the datasheet.
- **Backlash:** Lead screw stages: 3-20 um typical. Motor encoder (-E) does not correct backlash. Direct encoder (-DE/-AE) provides independent position feedback.
- **Power in daisy chains:** Additional power supplies can be inserted at any point in the daisy chain to support higher total current draw.
- **Duty cycle:** Verify motor operating point against Thrust-Speed chart for thermal limits.
- **Thermal expansion:** Accuracy degrades with temperature variation. Use temperature-controlled environments for nanometer work.
- **Vertical loads:** A-pitch (fine pitch) lead screw stages are self-locking and suitable for vertical use without brakes. Power-off brakes on LRU-E and LRT. X-VSR is self-locking. Coarser pitch stages may back-drive when unpowered.
- **Vacuum:** Outgassing rates vary. Contact Zaber before ordering for specific vacuum applications.
- **EtherCAT:** X-Series uses TCP/IP Ethernet only. E-MCC required for EtherCAT.
- **Daisy chain:** Up to 99 devices per chain.
- **Operating temperature:** Most Zaber devices rated 0-50°C. Maximum 75°C (TSB/TSB-V only). Exceptions: X-LDM-AE, X-RDQ-AE, MKR, X-FCR (0-40°C), HL04 (20-30°C). Verify per-device specs.
- **Vertical stage load capacity:** X-VSR: 100 N max centered load. Linear motor verticals (DMA-AEZ, LDA-AEZ, LDM-AEZ): counterbalance range. LRU-E: 5000 N (~500 kg) max centered load with optional brake.
- **Tilted/angled mounting:** Derate payload based on the vertical component. Contact Zaber for specific configurations.
- **Worm gear self-locking:** RST, RSW, RSM, RSB resist back-driving when unpowered. X-RDQ-AE (direct drive) rotates freely when off.
- **XY stage orthogonality:** XY/XYZ systems aligned and tested. Orthogonality specs available on request (contact@zaber.com).
- **Vacuum bakeout:** Supported on Zaber vacuum devices at up to 80°C maximum, under vacuum of less than 10^-3 Torr, for several hours. Exceeding 80°C can permanently damage polymer and electrical components. Details: https://www.zaber.com/manuals/X-LSM-SV1#m-2-4-overheating-precautions
- **Other specs:** Idle power, speed stability, encoder output interfaces available in product datasheets, the relevant series manual at https://www.zaber.com/manuals/{SERIES}, or from Applications Engineers.

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## 8. Customizations

Custom engineering solutions beyond catalog products. 61+ examples in the gallery.

Types: custom travel, mounting, motor relocation, vacuum prep, parallel drives, multi-axis assemblies, OEM branding, imperial holes, mirrored pairs.

https://www.zaber.com/customizations | contact@zaber.com

---

## 9. Contact & Support

Zaber Technologies Inc.
#2 - 605 West Kent Ave. N., Vancouver, BC, V6P 6T7, Canada
Phone: 1-888-276-8033 (toll-free) / 1-604-569-3780
Email: contact@zaber.com
Website: https://www.zaber.com
Software: https://software.zaber.com
Zaber Launcher: https://www.zaber.com/zaber-launcher
ASCII Protocol Manual: https://www.zaber.com/protocol-manual?protocol=ASCII
Product Manuals: https://www.zaber.com/manuals/{SERIES} (e.g., https://www.zaber.com/manuals/X-LSM-SV1). {SERIES} is case-sensitive. Section anchors: #m-N-N-section-name (e.g., #m-2-4-overheating-precautions). Authoritative source for bakeout, overheating, cleaning, mounting, firmware updates, thermal limits.
Support: https://www.zaber.com/support
Contact: https://www.zaber.com/contact
Articles: https://www.zaber.com/articles
Customizations: https://www.zaber.com/customizations
Careers: https://www.zaber.com/careers